1 : In ethics, normative theories propose some principle or principles for distinguishing right actions from wrong actions.
A:true
B: false
Correct Answer : A
2 : The view that associates morality with self-interest is egoism.
Correct Answer : A
2 : The view that associates morality with self-interest is egoism.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : A
3 : Egoists only do what they feel like doing.
B : false
Correct Answer : A
3 : Egoists only do what they feel like doing.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : B
4 : Ethical egoism says that human beings are, as a matter of fact, so constructed that they must behave selfishly.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : B
4 : Ethical egoism says that human beings are, as a matter of fact, so constructed that they must behave selfishly.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : B
5 : When a utilitarian like Jeremy Bentham advocates the greatest happiness for the greatest number, we must consider unhappiness or pain as well as happiness.
A : true
Correct Answer : B
5 : When a utilitarian like Jeremy Bentham advocates the greatest happiness for the greatest number, we must consider unhappiness or pain as well as happiness.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : A
6 : Jeremy Bentham thought that a community is no more than the individuals who compose it and that the interests of the community are simply the sum of the interests of its members.
A : true
Correct Answer : A
6 : Jeremy Bentham thought that a community is no more than the individuals who compose it and that the interests of the community are simply the sum of the interests of its members.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : A
7 : According to Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, pleasure is the one thing that is intrinsically good or worthwhile.
A : true
Correct Answer : A
7 : According to Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, pleasure is the one thing that is intrinsically good or worthwhile.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : A
8 : One feature about utilitarianism that makes it appealing as a standard for moral decisions in business and nonbusiness organizations is that it provides a clear and straightforward basis for formulating and testing policies.
A : true
Correct Answer : A
8 : One feature about utilitarianism that makes it appealing as a standard for moral decisions in business and nonbusiness organizations is that it provides a clear and straightforward basis for formulating and testing policies.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : A
9 : Adam Smith made the point that individual pursuit of self-interest (egoistic conduct), even when subject to rules and constraints, always undermines the utilitarian goal of producing the most good for all.
A : true
Correct Answer : A
9 : Adam Smith made the point that individual pursuit of self-interest (egoistic conduct), even when subject to rules and constraints, always undermines the utilitarian goal of producing the most good for all.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : B
10 : According to Adam Smith, if business is left to pursue its self-interest, the good of society will be compromised and harmed.
A : true
Correct Answer : B
10 : According to Adam Smith, if business is left to pursue its self-interest, the good of society will be compromised and harmed.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : B
11 : According to Immanuel Kant, moral reasoning is based on factual knowledge.
Correct Answer : B
11 : According to Immanuel Kant, moral reasoning is based on factual knowledge.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : B
12 : Immanuel Kant believed that it is only when we act out of feeling or sentiment that our actions have moral worth.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : B
12 : Immanuel Kant believed that it is only when we act out of feeling or sentiment that our actions have moral worth.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : B
13 : By maxim, Immanuel Kant meant the subjective principle of an action, the principle that people in effect formulate in determining their conduct.
A : true
Correct Answer : B
13 : By maxim, Immanuel Kant meant the subjective principle of an action, the principle that people in effect formulate in determining their conduct.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : A
14 : A hypothetical imperative tells us to act as we would want everyone to act in that situation.
Correct Answer : A
14 : A hypothetical imperative tells us to act as we would want everyone to act in that situation.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : B
15 : Immanuel Kant believed that prostitution was immoral because, by selling their sexual services, prostitutes allow themselves to be treated as only a means to an end.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : B
15 : Immanuel Kant believed that prostitution was immoral because, by selling their sexual services, prostitutes allow themselves to be treated as only a means to an end.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : A
16 : A prima facie obligation is an obligation that can be overridden by a more important obligation.
A : true
Correct Answer : A
16 : A prima facie obligation is an obligation that can be overridden by a more important obligation.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : A
17 : The connection between rights and duties is that, generally speaking, if you have a right to do something, then someone else has a correlative duty to act in a certain way.
A : true
Correct Answer : A
17 : The connection between rights and duties is that, generally speaking, if you have a right to do something, then someone else has a correlative duty to act in a certain way.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : A
18 : A supererogatory act is an act that would be good not to do to, but doing it is not absolutely wrong.
A : true
Correct Answer : A
18 : A supererogatory act is an act that would be good not to do to, but doing it is not absolutely wrong.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : B
19 : W. D. Ross denied that we have immediate, intuitive knowledge of the basic prima facie obligations.
A : true
Correct Answer : B
19 : W. D. Ross denied that we have immediate, intuitive knowledge of the basic prima facie obligations.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : B
20 : The rights guaranteed in the Bill of Rights are positive rights, not negative rights.
Correct Answer : B
20 : The rights guaranteed in the Bill of Rights are positive rights, not negative rights.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : B
21 : All moral rights are legal rights.
B : false
Correct Answer : B
21 : All moral rights are legal rights.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : B
22 : According to W. D. Ross, we have immediate intuitive knowledge of the basic prima facie moral obligations/principles.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : B
22 : According to W. D. Ross, we have immediate intuitive knowledge of the basic prima facie moral obligations/principles.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : A
23 : Non-consequentialist theories of ethics never consider the consequences of an action or rule when making a moral judgment.
A : true
Correct Answer : A
23 : Non-consequentialist theories of ethics never consider the consequences of an action or rule when making a moral judgment.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : B
24 : Rule utilitarianism applies the utilitarian standard, not to individual actions, but to moral codes as a whole.
A : true
Correct Answer : B
24 : Rule utilitarianism applies the utilitarian standard, not to individual actions, but to moral codes as a whole.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : A
25 : Richard Brandt defends a form of act utilitarianism.
Correct Answer : A
25 : Richard Brandt defends a form of act utilitarianism.
A : true
B : false
Correct Answer : B
MULTIPLE CHOICE
36 : Consequentialism
A : is best represented by Rosss theory of ethics.
B : states that sometimes the consequences of our actions can be morally relevant.
B : false
Correct Answer : B
MULTIPLE CHOICE
36 : Consequentialism
A : is best represented by Rosss theory of ethics.
B : states that sometimes the consequences of our actions can be morally relevant.
C : states that the moral rightness of an action is determined solely by its results.
D : differs from non-consequentialism because non-consequentialism denies that consequences have any moral significance.
Correct Answer : C
37 : The only accurate statement about consequentialism is:
A : Utilitarianism is a non-consequentialist ethical theory.
D : differs from non-consequentialism because non-consequentialism denies that consequences have any moral significance.
Correct Answer : C
37 : The only accurate statement about consequentialism is:
A : Utilitarianism is a non-consequentialist ethical theory.
B : Utilitarianism is an egoistic normative theory.
C : Consequentialism says that the moral rightness of an action is determined solely by its results.
D : Non-consequentialists deny that consequences have any moral significance.
C : Consequentialism says that the moral rightness of an action is determined solely by its results.
D : Non-consequentialists deny that consequences have any moral significance.
Correct Answer : C
38 : If you adopt egoism as your moral code, then
A : you can never act honestly or be gracious or helpful to others.
38 : If you adopt egoism as your moral code, then
A : you can never act honestly or be gracious or helpful to others.
B : you must endorse hedonism.
C : you must always avoid any unpleasant or painful experiences.
D : you believe that it is morally right to do whatever promotes your best interest.
C : you must always avoid any unpleasant or painful experiences.
D : you believe that it is morally right to do whatever promotes your best interest.
Correct Answer : D
39 : According to the text, psychological egoism
A : is derived from alleged fact that human beings are by nature selfish creatures.
39 : According to the text, psychological egoism
A : is derived from alleged fact that human beings are by nature selfish creatures.
B : is the same principle of morality as ethical egoism.
C : is the view that the best way to promote our own self-interest is to sometimes be selfish.
C : is the view that the best way to promote our own self-interest is to sometimes be selfish.
D : is based on hedonism.
Correct Answer : A
40 : Which of the following represents a utilitarian belief?
A : We must always support what most people want, i.e., by majority rule.
B : We should bring about the most happiness for everyone affected by our actions.
Correct Answer : A
40 : Which of the following represents a utilitarian belief?
A : We must always support what most people want, i.e., by majority rule.
B : We should bring about the most happiness for everyone affected by our actions.
C : We should concern ourselves only with the immediate results of our actions.
D : We must always disregard our own happiness when deciding what to do.
Correct Answer : B
41 : According to act utilitarianism, an action is morally right if and only if
D : We must always disregard our own happiness when deciding what to do.
Correct Answer : B
41 : According to act utilitarianism, an action is morally right if and only if
A : it makes the person who does it happy.
B : everyone prefers that action to any other action.
B : everyone prefers that action to any other action.
C : it maximizes total, net happiness.
D : it brings only happiness and causes no pain.
D : it brings only happiness and causes no pain.
Correct Answer : C
42 : Utilitarian's believe that
A : knowledge, friendship, and aesthetic satisfaction are intrinsically valuable (or inherently good).
B : we can predict with certainty the future consequences of our actions.
C : an action that leads to unhappiness is morally right if any other action that you could have performed instead would have brought about even more unhappiness.
D : an action cant be right if the people who are made happy by it are outnumbered by the people who are made unhappy by it.
Correct Answer : C
43 : Which of the following considerations about utilitarianism is correct?
A : The great 19th century utilitarian's, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, believed that pleasure and happiness were different things.
B : Bentham was concerned with the quantity of pleasure that an action produces, not with distinctions based on the type of the pleasure.
C : Act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism consistently agree upon which actions are morally right.
D : Utilitarian's believe that we cant compare one persons happiness with that of another.
42 : Utilitarian's believe that
A : knowledge, friendship, and aesthetic satisfaction are intrinsically valuable (or inherently good).
B : we can predict with certainty the future consequences of our actions.
C : an action that leads to unhappiness is morally right if any other action that you could have performed instead would have brought about even more unhappiness.
D : an action cant be right if the people who are made happy by it are outnumbered by the people who are made unhappy by it.
Correct Answer : C
43 : Which of the following considerations about utilitarianism is correct?
A : The great 19th century utilitarian's, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, believed that pleasure and happiness were different things.
B : Bentham was concerned with the quantity of pleasure that an action produces, not with distinctions based on the type of the pleasure.
C : Act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism consistently agree upon which actions are morally right.
D : Utilitarian's believe that we cant compare one persons happiness with that of another.
Correct Answer : B
44 : The case of the death-bed promise shows that
A : utilitarianism may lead to conclusions that conflict with our ordinary ideas of right and wrong.
44 : The case of the death-bed promise shows that
A : utilitarianism may lead to conclusions that conflict with our ordinary ideas of right and wrong.
B : keeping your promises never maximizes happiness.
C : it was wrong to have made the promise in the first place.
C : it was wrong to have made the promise in the first place.
D : utilitarianism reduces effectively to egoism in practice.
Correct Answer : A
45 : Utilitarianism is appealing as a standard for moral decision making in business. Which of the following provides a reason for this?
A : Utilitarianism provides an objective way of resolving conflicts of self-interest.
Correct Answer : A
45 : Utilitarianism is appealing as a standard for moral decision making in business. Which of the following provides a reason for this?
A : Utilitarianism provides an objective way of resolving conflicts of self-interest.
B : Utilitarianism provides a rigid approach to moral decision making.
C : Utilitarianism provides a fuzzy standard for formulating and testing policies.
C : Utilitarianism provides a fuzzy standard for formulating and testing policies.
D : Utilitarianism gives us firm rules to follow, rules that dont permit exceptions.
Correct Answer : A
46 : Which of the following is true regarding utilitarian beliefs?
A : Utilitarian's wish to maximize happiness not simply immediately, but in the long run as well.
Correct Answer : A
46 : Which of the following is true regarding utilitarian beliefs?
A : Utilitarian's wish to maximize happiness not simply immediately, but in the long run as well.
B : Utilitarian's contend that we can determine with certainty what the future consequences of our present actions will be.
C : When choosing among possible actions, utilitarianism requires us to disregard our own happiness.
D : For the hedonistic utilitarian, knowledge, friendship, and aesthetic satisfaction are inherently good.
Correct Answer : A
47 : Which of the following is true regarding Immanuel Kants beliefs?
C : When choosing among possible actions, utilitarianism requires us to disregard our own happiness.
D : For the hedonistic utilitarian, knowledge, friendship, and aesthetic satisfaction are inherently good.
Correct Answer : A
47 : Which of the following is true regarding Immanuel Kants beliefs?
A : He defended a consequentialist theory of right and wrong.
B : He believed that all duties are prima facie duties.
C : He believed that moral principles rest on empirical data, on observation and experiment.
B : He believed that all duties are prima facie duties.
C : He believed that moral principles rest on empirical data, on observation and experiment.
D : He believed that reason by itself can reveal the basic principles of morality.
Correct Answer : D
48 : According to Kant
A : good will is the only thing that is good in itself.
B : an action has moral worth if it is consistent with the categorical imperative.
Correct Answer : D
48 : According to Kant
A : good will is the only thing that is good in itself.
B : an action has moral worth if it is consistent with the categorical imperative.
C : only actions based on feeling or sentiment have moral worth.
D : a self-interested person can never do the right action.
D : a self-interested person can never do the right action.
Correct Answer : A
49 : Imagine a shopkeeper who is honest because being honest is good for business. When the shopkeeper refrains from cheating a customer, Kant would say this action
A : was wrong because its motive was impure.
B : was in accordance with duty, but not done from duty.
49 : Imagine a shopkeeper who is honest because being honest is good for business. When the shopkeeper refrains from cheating a customer, Kant would say this action
A : was wrong because its motive was impure.
B : was in accordance with duty, but not done from duty.
C : displayed a high level of moral worth.
D : shows that he was following the categorical imperative.
D : shows that he was following the categorical imperative.
Correct Answer : B
50 : If you want to go to law school, then you must take the LSAT exam. This statement is an example of
A : the transcendental imperative.
50 : If you want to go to law school, then you must take the LSAT exam. This statement is an example of
A : the transcendental imperative.
B : the categorical imperative.
C : a hypothetical imperative.
C : a hypothetical imperative.
D : irrational behavior.
Correct Answer : C
51 : Kant believed that we should always act
A : in such a way that we can will the maxim of our action to be a local law.
Correct Answer : C
51 : Kant believed that we should always act
A : in such a way that we can will the maxim of our action to be a local law.
B : in a way that treats success as an end in itself, never merely as means.
C : in a way that would be universally unacceptable to all rational beings.
D : in a way that moral beings give the moral law.
D : in a way that moral beings give the moral law.
Correct Answer : D
52 : A key idea of Immanuel Kants ethical theory is that:
A : all duties are prima facie duties.
B : the moral permissibility of our actions depends entirely upon their consequences.
52 : A key idea of Immanuel Kants ethical theory is that:
A : all duties are prima facie duties.
B : the moral permissibility of our actions depends entirely upon their consequences.
C : we should treat people as ends in themselves, never merely as means.
D : only pleasure has intrinsic value.
D : only pleasure has intrinsic value.
Correct Answer : C
53 : According to W. D. Rosss theory
A : a prima facie obligation is absolute and can never be overridden.
B : what we should do in any specific set of circumstances will always be self-evident.
53 : According to W. D. Rosss theory
A : a prima facie obligation is absolute and can never be overridden.
B : what we should do in any specific set of circumstances will always be self-evident.
C : it would be wrong to lie to a murderer even to save the life of a friend.
D : we have various moral duties that cant be reduced to a single, overarching obligation.
D : we have various moral duties that cant be reduced to a single, overarching obligation.
Correct Answer : D
54 : Non-consequentialists like Ross believe that
A : we have no obligation to promote general welfare.
B : utilitarianism doesn't require us to sacrifice as much as we should to help other people.
54 : Non-consequentialists like Ross believe that
A : we have no obligation to promote general welfare.
B : utilitarianism doesn't require us to sacrifice as much as we should to help other people.
C : morality permits each of us a sphere in which to pursue our own plans and goals.
D : peoples so-called moral rights are unimportant when determining the right course of action.
D : peoples so-called moral rights are unimportant when determining the right course of action.
Correct Answer : C
55 : Supererogatory actions are
A : actions that are normally wrong to do, but can sometimes be right.
55 : Supererogatory actions are
A : actions that are normally wrong to do, but can sometimes be right.
B : actions that it would be good to do but not immoral not to do.
C : actions that we are morally required to do, all things considered.
C : actions that we are morally required to do, all things considered.
D : actions that are wrong even though they produce some good.
Correct Answer : B
56 : The statement that best defines rights is
Correct Answer : B
56 : The statement that best defines rights is
A : all moral rights are legal rights.
B : a negative right is a right to receive certain benefits.
C : a right is an entitlement to act or to have others act in a certain way.
B : a negative right is a right to receive certain benefits.
C : a right is an entitlement to act or to have others act in a certain way.
D : all moral rights are human rights.
Correct Answer : C
57 : Which of the following statements is true regarding human rights?
A : Human rights are equal rights; if X is a human right, then everyone has this right.
Correct Answer : C
57 : Which of the following statements is true regarding human rights?
A : Human rights are equal rights; if X is a human right, then everyone has this right.
B : Human rights are transferable and thus alienable.
C : Human rights rest on particular roles and special relationships.
D : Human rights are not natural but are always grounded in a specific legal or political system.
C : Human rights rest on particular roles and special relationships.
D : Human rights are not natural but are always grounded in a specific legal or political system.
Correct Answer : A
58 : Rule utilitarian's
A : believe that the optimal moral code will not normally produce 100% compliance.
B : believe that the optimal moral code would consist of only one rule, namely, always act so as to maximize happiness.
C : assume that everyone will always follow the rules, all the time.
58 : Rule utilitarian's
A : believe that the optimal moral code will not normally produce 100% compliance.
B : believe that the optimal moral code would consist of only one rule, namely, always act so as to maximize happiness.
C : assume that everyone will always follow the rules, all the time.
D : believe that an action is wrong if it fails to maximize happiness.
Correct Answer : A
59 : For those who are trying to make moral decisions
A : it is impossible to make progress on controversial ethical issues unless everyone shares the same moral theory.
B : endorsing a moral principle doesn't require you to apply it in all similar situations.
Correct Answer : A
59 : For those who are trying to make moral decisions
A : it is impossible to make progress on controversial ethical issues unless everyone shares the same moral theory.
B : endorsing a moral principle doesn't require you to apply it in all similar situations.
C : moral judgments don't have to be related to some general moral principles.
D : in a moral discussion, clarifying the facts and spelling out the principles to which people are appealing can help us to reach a solution.
Correct Answer : D
60 : A practical basis for discussing moral issues involves taking account of
D : in a moral discussion, clarifying the facts and spelling out the principles to which people are appealing can help us to reach a solution.
Correct Answer : D
60 : A practical basis for discussing moral issues involves taking account of
A : effects, ideals, and obligations.
B : effort, duties, and organization.
C : compassion, intellect, and patience.
D : compliance, contribution, and consequences.
B : effort, duties, and organization.
C : compassion, intellect, and patience.
D : compliance, contribution, and consequences.
Correct Answer : A
